International Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry

Register      Login

VOLUME 8 , ISSUE 1 ( January-March, 2018 ) > List of Articles

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Effect of Surface Treatment on Longevity of Soft Liners: An in vitro and in vivo Study

Manoj K Thakur, Dharmendar K Singh

Keywords : Coating, Dentures, In vitro, In vivo, Soft liner, Specimen

Citation Information : Thakur MK, Singh DK. Effect of Surface Treatment on Longevity of Soft Liners: An in vitro and in vivo Study. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2018; 8 (1):17-21.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10019-1196

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

Published Online: 01-06-2018

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2018; The Author(s).


Abstract

Aim: Soft liners are temporary in nature as they harden in short time period and gradually lose their surface integrity and cushioning effect. There is a need to increase the longevity of the soft liner, so the present investigation was done in order to study the effect of surface treatment in increasing the longevity of soft liner, both in in vitro and in vivo conditions. Materials and methods: For an in vitro study, specimens were prepared and divided into two equal groups. Group I (control group) specimens were lined with soft liner and left uncoated and group II (treated group) specimens were lined with soft liner and were coated by surface conditioning agent. For an in vivo study, 20 patients were selected and divided into two groups. Group I (control group) patients wore denture lined with uncoated soft liner, whereas group II (treated group) patients wore denture lined with soft liner and coated with surface conditioning agent. Soft liners lining the specimens and dentures were then examined for softness with a durometer and for surface integrity with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) at the baseline and after 1, 2, and 3 weeks. Results: Mean softness of the control group decreased significantly than the treated group, both in in vitro and in vivo conditions at the end of third week, but the decrease in softness was found to be more in in vivo condition than in vitro condition. Both in in vivo and in vitro conditions, SEM analysis showed that surface integrity in the control group had deteriorated by the end of first week, whereas that in the treated group remained intact until the end of the third week in in vitro condition and until the end of second week in in vivo condition. Conclusion: Our results suggest that surface coating can significantly reduce the loss of softness and surface integrity of the soft liners, and hence increases their longevity both in in vitro and in vivo conditions.


PDF Share
  1. Harrison. A. Temporary soft lining materials:A review of their uses. Br Dent J 1981;151:419-422.
  2. Murata H, Hamada T, Djulaeha E, Nikawa H .Rheology of tissue conditioners. J Prosthet Dent 1998;79:188-199.
  3. Braden M. Soft liners: II. Rheologic properties. J Dent Res 1970;49:496-501.
  4. Ellis B, Lamb DJ, Al-Nakash S. Water sorption by a soft liner. J Dent Res 1977 Dec;56(12):15-26.
  5. Nimmo A, Fong BJ, Hoover CI, Newbrun E. Vacuum treatment of soft liners. J Prosthet Dent 1985;54:814-817.
  6. Corwin JO, Saunders TR. Temporary soft liners: a modified curing technique to extend liner longevity. J Prosthet Dent 1992 Oct;68(4):714-715.
  7. Gardner LK, Parr GR, Rahn AO. Combination nasal support breathing flange with hollow obturator prosthesis. A clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 1990 May;63(5):497-501.
  8. Casey DM, Scheer EC. Surface treatment of a temporary soft liner for increased longevity. J. Prosthet Dent 1993 Mar;69(3):318-324.
  9. Dominguez NE, Thomas CJ, Gerzina TM. Soft liners protected by a poly (methyl methacrylate) coating. Int J Prosthodont 1996 Mar-Apr;9(2):137-141.
  10. Gronet PM, Driscoll CF, Hondrum SO. Resiliency of surfacesealed temporary soft denture liners. J Prosthet Dent 1997 Apr;77(4):370-374.
  11. Hayakawa I, Takahashi Y, Morizawa M, Kobayashi S, Nagao M. The effect of fluorinated copolymer coating agent on tissue conditioners. Int J Prosthodont 1997 Jan-Feb;10(1):44-48.
  12. Malmstrom HS, Mehta N, Sanchez R, Moss ME. The effect of two different coatings on the surface integrity and softness of a soft liner. J Prosthet Dent 2002 Feb;87(2):153-157.
  13. Katz S, Park KK, Stookey GK, Schemehorn BR. Development and initial testing of a model for in vitro formation of pit and fissure caries. Caries Res 1986;20(5):424-428.
  14. Wilson J. In vitro loss of alcohol from soft liner. Int J Prosthodont 1992 Jan-Feb;5(1):17-21.
  15. McDavid WD, Welander U, Brent Dove S, Tronje G. Digital imaging in rotational panoramic radiography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1995 May;24(2):68-75.
  16. Vergos V, Tripodakis A. Evaluation of vertical accuracy of interocclusal records. Int J Prosthodont 2003 Jul-Aug;16(4): 365-368.
  17. Lima JB, Orsi IA, Borie E, Lima JH, Noritomi PY. Analysis of stress on mucosa and basal bone underlying complete dentures with different reliner material thicknesses: a three-dimensional finite element study. J Oral Rehabil 2013 Oct;40(10):767-773.
  18. Ramakrishnan H, Singh RG. Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the stress distribution pattern in the design modifications of U-shaped palatal major connector. Indian J Dent Res 2010 Oct-Dec;21(4):506-511.
  19. Inoue K, Arikawa H, Fujii K, Shinohara N, Kawahata N. Viscoelastic properties of oral soft tissue. 1. A method of determining elasticity of oral soft tissue. Dent Mater J 1985 Jun;4(1):47-53.
  20. Ogawa T, Sato Y, Kitagawa N, Nakatsu M. Relationship between retention forces and stress at the distal border in maxillary complete dentures: measurement of retention forces and finite-element analysis in individual participants. J Prosthet Dent 2017 Apr;117(4):524-531.
  21. Ishihara H, Kitagawa N, Sato Y, Hara S, Hosono Y, Ishibashi S. A study on the utility of a scale for examination in residual ridge height based on an objective assessment. Nihon Hotetsu Shika Gakkai Zasshi 2007 Oct;51(4):751-759. [in Japanese]
  22. Sato Y, Abe Y, Okane H, Tsuga K. Finite element analysis of stress relaxation in soft denture liner. J Oral Rehabil 2000 Aug;27(8):660-663.
  23. Omori M, Sato Y, Kitagawa N, Shimura Y, Ito M. A biomechanical investigation of mandibular molar implants: reproducibility and validity of a finite element analysis model. Int J Implant Dent 2015 Dec;1(1):10.
  24. Avery, JK. Essentials of oral histology and embryology a clinical approach. 2nd ed. St. Louis (MO): Mosby Inc.; 2000. p. 163.
  25. Akimoto K. Observations on the structural changes according to aging of oral mucous membrane in the elderly structure of buccal mucous membrane in the vicinity of angulus oris. Kokubyo Gakkai Zasshi 2004 Jun;71(2):80-94. [in Japanese]
  26. Shklar G. The effects of aging upon oral mucosa. J Invest Dermatol 1966 Aug;47(2):115-120.
  27. Kohno N. Studies on changes with advancing age in the human gingival. J Kyushu Dent Soc 1975;28:529-558. [in Japanese]
  28. Zarb, G.; Bloender, C.; Eckert, S.; Jacob, R.; Fenton, R. Prosthodontic treatment for edentulous patients: complete dentures and implant-supported prostheses. 12th ed. St. Louis (MO): Mosby Inc; 2008. p. 203.
  29. Kanbara R, Nakamura Y, Ochiai KT, Kawai T, Tanaka Y. Threedimensional finite element stress analysis: the technique and methodology of non-linear property simulation and soft tissue loading behavior for different partial denture designs. Dent Mater J 2012 Mar;31(2):297-308.
  30. Solano MP, Goldberg RB. Lipid management in type 2 diabetes. Clin Diabetes 2006 Jan;24(1):27-32.
  31. Hisalkar PJ, Patne AB, Fawade MM. Assessment of plasma antioxidant levels in type 2 diabetes patients. Int J Biol Med Res 2012;3(2):1796-1800.
  32. Alam R, Khan S, Salman KA. MDA and antioxidants status in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Natl J Integr Res Med 2013 Nov- Dec;4(6):75-78.
  33. Valabhji J, Elkeles RS. Dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetes: epidemiology and biochemistry. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 2003 May;3(3):184-189.
  34. Kassem SA, Raz I. Is there evidence that oral hypoglycemic agents reduce cardiovascular morbidity or mortality? No. Diabetes Care 2009 Nov;32(Suppl 2):S337-S341.
  35. Toledo FG, Sniderman AD, Kelley DE. Influence of hepatic steatosis (fatty liver) on severity and composition of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006 Aug;29(8): 1845-1850.
  36. Ajjan RA, Grant PJ. Cardiovascular disease prevention in patients with type 2 diabetes: the role of oral anti-diabetic agents. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2006 Dec;3(3):147-158.
  37. Song F, Jia W, Yao Y, Hu Y, Lei L, Lin J, Sun X, Liu L. Oxidative stress, antioxidant status and DNA damage in patients with impaired glucose regulation and newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes. Clin Sci (Lond) 2007 Jun;112(12):599-606.
  38. Wolff SP, Dean RT. Glucose autoxidation and protein modification. The potential role of ‘autoxidative glycosylation’ in diabetes. Biochem J 1987 Jul;245(1):243-250.
  39. Jain SK, Lim G. Pyridoxine and pyridoxamine inhibits superoxide radicals and prevents lipid peroxidation, protein glycosylation, and (Na++ K+)-ATPase activity reduction in high glucose-treated human erythrocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2001 Feb;30(3):232-237.
  40. Tiwari BK, Pandey KB, Abidi AB, Rizvi SI. Markers of oxidative stress during diabetes mellitus. J Biomark 2013 Dec;2013:378790.
  41. Davis BJ, Xie Z, Viollet B, Zou MH. Activation of the AMPactivated kinase by antidiabetes drug metformin stimulates nitric oxide synthesis in vivo by promoting the association of heat shock protein 90 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Diabetes 2006 Feb;55(2):496-505.
  42. Triggle CR, Ding H. Cardiovascular impact of drugs used in the treatment of diabetes. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2014 Nov;5(6):245-268.
  43. Tousoulis D, Kampoli AM, Stefanadis C. Diabetes mellitus and vascular endothelial dysfunction: current perspectives. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2012 Jan;10(1):19-32.
  44. Hamilton SJ, Chew GT, Watts GF. Therapeutic regulation of endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2007 Jun;4(2):89-102.
  45. De Vriese AS, Verbeuren TJ, Van de Voorde J, Lameire NH, Vanhoutte PM. Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Br J Pharmacol 2000 Jul;130(5):963-974.
  46. Shanik MH, Xu Y, Skrha J, Dankner R, Zick Y, Roth J. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia: Is hyperinsulinemia the cart of the horse? Diabetes Care 2008 Feb;31(Suppl 2):S262-S268.
  47. Kahn SE, Hull RL, Utzschneider KM. Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature 2006 Dec;444(7121):840-846.
  48. Cao W, Liu HY, Tao H, Liu Z. Excess exposure of insulin may be the primary cause of insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010 Feb;298(2):E372.
  49. Onyeaso CO, Sanu OO. Perception of personal dental appearance in Nigeria adolescents. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 2005 Jun;127(6):700-706.
  50. Onyeaso CO. Orthodontic concern of parents compared with orthodontic treatment need assessed by Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) in Ibaden, Nigeria. Odontostomatol Trop 2003 Mar;26(101):13-20.
  51. Naveen Kumar B, Mohapatra A, Ramesh N, Ravishankar TL. Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need among 12-15 years old school children in Davangere, Karnataka, India. Pak Oral Dent J 2010;30(1):181-185.
  52. de Oliveira CM, Sheiham A. The relationship between normative orthodontic treatment need and oral health-related quality of life. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2003 Dec;31(6):426-436.
  53. de Oliveira CM, Sheiham A, Tsakos G, O'Brien KD. Oral health related quality of life and the IOTN index as predictors of children's perceived needs and acceptance for orthodontic treatment. Br Dent J 2008 Apr;204(7):1-5.
  54. Al-Sarheed M, Bedi R, Hunt NP. Orthodontic treatment need and self perception of 11-16 year old Saudi Arabian children with a sensory impairment attending special schools. J Orthod 2003 Mar;30(1):39-44.
  55. Kerosuo H, Al Enezi S, Kerosuo E, Abdulkarim E. Association between normative and self perceived orthodontic treatment need among Arab high school students. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2004 Mar;125(3):373-378.
  56. Ghijselings I, Brosens V, Williams G, Fieuws S, Clijmans M, Lemiere J. Normative and self-perceived orthodontic treatment need in 11- to 16-year-old children. Eur J Orthod 2014 Apr;36(2):179-185.
  57. Onyeaso CO, Arowojolu MO. Perceived, desired and normatively determined treatment need among orthodontically untreated Nigerian adolescents. West Afr J Med 2003 Jan- Mar;22(1):5-9.
  58. Jung MH. Quality of life and self-esteem of female orthognathic surgery patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016 Jun;74(6):1240.e1-1240.e7.
  59. Abu Alhaija ES, Al-Nimri KS, Al-Khateeb SN. Self perception of malocclusion among Jordanian school children. Eur J Orthod 2005 Jun;27(3):292-295.
  60. Kolawole KA, Otuyemi DE, Jebode SO, Unweni AA. Awareness for malocclusion and desire for orthodontic treatment need in 11-14year old Nigerian school and their parents. Aust Orthod J 2008 May;24(1):21-25.
  61. Cucalon A 3rd, Smith RJ. Relationship between by adolescent orthodontics patients and performance on psychological tests. Angle Orthod 1990 Summer;60(2):107-114.
  62. Southard KA, Tolley EA, Arheart KL, Hackett-Renner CA, Southard TE. Application of the Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory in evaluating orthodontic compliance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1991 Dec;100(6):553-561.
  63. Kharbanda OP. What is the prevalence of malocclusion in India? Do we know orthodontic treatment needs of our country. J Indian Orthod Soc 1999 Apr-Jun;32(2):33-41.
  64. Siddiqui TA, Shaikh A, Fida M. Agreement between orthodontist and patient perception using Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. Saudi Dent J 2014 Oct;26(4):156-165.
  65. Borzabadi-Farahani A, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Eslamipour F. Orthodontic treatment needs in an urban Iranian population in epidemiological study of 11-14 years old children. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2009 Jun;10(2):69-74.
  66. Grando G, Young AA, Vedovello Filho M, Vedovello SA, Ramirez-Yañez GO. Prevalence of malocclusions in a young Brazilian population. Int J Orthod Milwaukee 2008 Summer;19(2):13-16.
  67. Nadim R, Aslam K, Rizwan S. Frequency of malocclusion among 12 -15 years old school children in three sectors of Karachi. Pak Oral Dent J 2014 Sep;34(3):510-514.
  68. Reddy ER, Manjula M, Sreelakshmi N, Rani ST, Aduri R, Patil BD. Prevalence of malocclusion among 6 to 10 year old Nalgonda school children. J Int Oral Health 2013 Dec;5(6): 49-54.
  69. Onyeaso CO. Prevalence of malocclusion among adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2004 Nov;126(5):604-607.
  70. Kaur H, Pavithra US, Abraham R. Prevalence of malocclusion among adolescents in South Indian population. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2013 Jul-Dec;3(2):97-102.
  71. Lauc T. Orofacial analysis on the Adriatic islands: an epidemiological study of malocclusions on Hvar Island. Eur J Orthod 2003 Jun;25(3):273-278.
  72. Zimmermann E, Gamborg M, Holst C, Baker JL, Sørensen TI, Berentzen TL. Body mass index in school-aged children and the risk of routinely diagnosed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adulthood: a prospective study based on the Copenhagen School Health Records Register. BMJ Open 2015 May;5(4):e006998.
  73. Singh SP. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the unfolding monster? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006 Jan;21(1 Pt 2):199-201.
  74. Reece EA, Hagay Z, Roberts AB, DeGennaro N, Homko CJ, Connolly-Diamond M, Sherwin R, Tamborlane WV, Diamond MP. Fetal Doppler and behavioral responses during hypoglycemia induced with the insulin clamp technique in pregnant diabetic women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995 Jan;172(1 Pt 1):151-155.
  75. Patrick J, Campbell K, Carmichael L, Natale R, Richardson B. Patterns of gross fetal body movements over 24-hour observation intervals during the last 10 weeks of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982 Feb;142(4):363-371.
  76. Ornoy A, Ratzon N, Greenbaum C, Peretz E, Soriano D, Dulitzky M. Neurobehavior of school age children born to diabetic mothers. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1998 Sep;79(2):F94-F99.
  77. Wolf, A. Developmental evaluation on early school age children born to gestational diabetic mothers. Israel: Hebrew University; 1997.
  78. Mulder EJ, Leiblum DM, Visser GH. Fetal breathing movements in late diabetic pregnancy: relationship to fetal heart rate patterns and Braxton Hicks’ contractions. Early Hum Dev 1995 Nov;43(3):225-232.
  79. Schulte FJ, Michaelis R, Nolte R, Albert G, Parl U, Lasson U. Brain and behavioral maturation in newborn infants of diabetic mothers. I. Nerve conduction and EEG patterns. Neuropadiatrie 1969 Jan-Jul;1(1):24-35.
  80. Devoe LD, Youssef AA, Castillo RA, Croom CS. Fetal biophysical activities in third-trimester pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994 Aug;171(2):298-303.
  81. Dierker LJ Jr, Pillay S, Sorokin Y, Rosen MG. The change in fetal activity periods in diabetic and nondiabetic pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982 May;143(2):181-185.
  82. Doherty NN, Hepper PG. Habituation in fetuses of diabetic mothers. Early Hum Dev 2000 Aug;59(2):85-93.
  83. Kainer F, Prechtl HF, Engele H, Einspieler C. Assessment of the quality of general movements in fetuses and infants of women with type-1 diabetes mellitus. Early Hum Dev 1997 Nov;50(1):13-25.
  84. Mulder EJ, O'Brien MJ, Lems YL, Visser GH, Prechtl HF. Body and breathing movements in near-term fetuses and newborn infants of type-1 diabetic women. Early Hum Dev 1990 Nov;24(2):131-152.
  85. Mulder EJ, Visser GH. Growth and motor development in fetuses of women with type-1 diabetes. I. Early growth patterns. Early Hum Dev 1991 May;25(2):91-106.
  86. Mulder EJ, Visser GH. Growth and motor development in fetuses of women with type-1 diabetes. II. Emergence of specific movement patterns. Early Hum Dev 1991 May;25(2):107-115.
  87. Mulder EJ, Visser GH. Impact of early growth delay on subsequent fetal growth and functional development: a study on diabetic pregnancy. Early Hum Dev 1992 Dec;31(2):91-95.
  88. Mulder EJ, Visser GH, Bekedam DJ, Prechtl HF. Emergence of behavioral states in fetuses of type-1 diabetic women. Early Hum Dev 1987 Jul;15(4):231-251.
  89. Mulder EJ, Visser GH, Morssink LP, de Vries JI. Growth and motor development in fetuses of women with type-1 diabetes. III. First trimester quantity of fetal movement patterns. Early Hum Dev 1991 May;25(2):117-133.
  90. Aberg A, Westbom L, Kallen B. Congenital malformations among infants whose mothers had gestational diabetes or preexisting diabetes. Early Hum Dev 2001 Mar;61(2):85-95.
  91. Deregnier RA, Nelson CA, Thomas KM, Wewerka S, Georgieff MK. Neurophysiologic evaluation of auditory recognition memory in healthy newborn infants and infants of diabetic mothers. J Pediatr 2000 Dec;137(6):777-784.
  92. Nelson CA, Wewerka S, Thomas KM, Tribby-Walbridge S, deRegnier R, Georgieff M. Neurocognitive sequelae of infants of diabetic mothers. Behav Neurosci 2000 Oct;114(5):950-956.
  93. Reece EA, Homko CJ. Infant of the diabetic mother. Semin Perinatol 1994 Oct;18(5):459-469.
  94. Reece EA, Homko CJ. Why do diabetic women deliver malformed infants? Clin Obstet Gynecol 2000 Mar;43(1):32-45.
  95. Rizzo T, Metzger BE, Burns WJ, Burns K. Correlations between antepartum maternal metabolism and intelligence of offspring. N Engl J Med 1991 Sep;325(13):911-916.
  96. Rizzo TA, Metzger BE, Dooley SL, Cho NH. Early malnutrition and child neurobehavioral development: insights from the study of children of diabetic mothers. Child Dev 1997 Feb;68(1):26-38.
  97. Schwartz R, Teramo KA. Effects of diabetic pregnancy on the fetus and newborn. Semin Perinatol 2000 Apr;24(2):120-135.
  98. Vaarasmaki MS, Hartikainen A, Anttila M, Pramila S, Koivisto M. Factors predicting peri- and neonatal outcome in diabetic pregnancy. Early Hum Dev 2000 Jul;59(1):61-70.
  99. Robertson SS, Dierker LJ. Fetal cyclic motor activity in diabetic pregnancies: sensitivity to maternal blood glucose. Dev Psychobiol 2003 Jan;42(1):9-16.
  100. Accardo PJ, Blondis TA, Whitman BY. Disorders of attention and activity level in a referral population. Pediatrics 1990 Mar;85(3 Pt 2):426-431.
  101. Ornoy A, Uriel L, Tennenbaum A. Inattention, hyperactivity and speech delay at 2-4 years of age as a predictor for ADDADHD syndrome. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 1993;30(3):155-163.
  102. Smyth TR. Impaired motor skill (clumsiness) in otherwise normal children: a review. Child Care Health Dev 1992 Sep-Oct;18(5):283-300.
  103. Petersen MB, Pedersen SA, Greisen G, Pedersen JF, Mølsted- Pedersen L. Early growth delay in diabetic pregnancy: relation to psychomotor development at age 4. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988 Feb;296(6622):598-600.
  104. Sells CJ, Robinson NM, Brown Z, Knopp RH. Long-term developmental follow-up of infants of diabetic mothers. J Pediatr 1994 Jul;125(1):S9-S17.
  105. Vladareanu R, Lebit D, Constantinescu S. Ultrasound assessment of fetal neurobehaviour in high risk pregnancies. DSJUOG 2012 Apr-Jun;6(2):132-147.
  106. Talic A, Kurjak A, Ahmed B, Stanojevic M, Predojevic M, Kadic AS, Di Renzo GC. The potential of 4D sonography in the assessment of fetal behavior in high-risk pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011 Jul;24(7):948-954.
  107. Bekedam DJ, Visser GH, de Vries JJ, Prechtl HF. Motor behaviour in the growth retarded fetus. Early Hum Dev 1985 Nov;12(2):155-165.
  108. Cioni G, Prechtl HF. Preterm and early postterm motor behaviour in low-risk premature infants. Early Hum Dev 1990 Sep;23(3):159-191.
  109. Seme-Ciglenecki P. Predictive value of assessment of general movements for neurological development of highrisk preterm infants: comparative study. Croat Med J 2003 Dec;44(6):721-727.
  110. Abo-Yaqoub S, Kurjak A, Mohammed AB, Shadad A, Abdel-Maaboud M. The role of 4-D ultrasonography in prenatal assessment of fetal neurobehaviour and prediction of neurological outcome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012 Mar;25(3):231-236.
  111. Athanasiadis AP, Mikos T, Tambakoudis GP, Theodoridis TD, Papastergiou M, Assimakopoulos E, Tarlatzis BC. Neurodevelopmental fetal assessment using KANET scoring system in low and high-risk pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013 Mar;26(4):363-368.
  112. Fauser BC, Tarlatzis BC, Rebar RW, Legro RS, Balen AH, Lobo R, Carmina E, Chang J, Yildiz BO, Laven JS, et al. Consensus on women's health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Fertil Steril 2012 Jan;97(1):28-38.e25
  113. Sirmans SM, Pate KA. Epidemiology, diagnosis and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Epidemiol 2014; 6:1-13.
  114. Fauser BC, Diedrich K, Bouchard P, Domínguez F, Matzuk M, Franks S, Hamamah S, Simón C, Devroey P, Ezcurra D, et al. Contemporary genetic technologies and female reproduction. Human Reproduction Update 2011 Nov;17(6):829-847.
  115. Balen A, Conway G, Kaltsas G. Polycystic ovary syndrome: the spectrum of the disorder in 1741 patients. Hum Reprod 1995 Aug;10(8):2107-2111.
  116. Azziz R, Sanchez L, Knochenhauer ES, Moran C, Lazenby J, Stephens KC, Taylor K, Boots LR. Androgen excess in women: experience with over 1000 consecutive patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004 Feb;89(2):453-462.
  117. Wild S, Pierpoint T, McKeigue P, Jacobs H. Cardiovascular disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome at longterm follow-up: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000 May;52(5):595-600.
  118. Hollinrake E, Abreu A, Maifeld M, Van Voorhis BJ, Dokras A. Increased risk of depressive disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2007 Jun;87(6): 1369-1376.
  119. Zawadski JK, Dunaif A. Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome. In: Givens JHF, Merriman G, editors. The polycystic ovary syndrome. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Scientific; 1992. p. 377-384.
  120. Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2004 Jan;81(1):19-25.
  121. Azziz R, Carmina E, DeWailly D, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Escobar-Morreale HF, Futterweit W, Janssen OE, Legro RS, Norman RJ, Taylor AE, et al. Position statement: criteria for defining polycystic ovary syndrome as a predominantly hyperandrogenic syndrome: an Androgen Excess Society guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006 Nov;91(11):4237-4245.
  122. Lujan ME, Jarrett BY, Brooks ED, Reines JK, Peppin AK, Muhn N, Haider E, Pierson RA, Chizen DR. Updated ultrasound criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: reliable thresholds for elevated follicle population and ovarian volume. Hum Reprod 2013 May;28(5):1361-1368.
  123. Badawy A, Elnashar A. Treatment options for polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Womens Health 2011 Feb;3:25-35.
  124. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin No 108: Polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 2009 Oct;114(4):936-949.
  125. Thessaloniki ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group Consensus on infertility treatment related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2008 Mar;89(3): 505-522.
  126. Balen AH. Ovulation induction in the management of anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013 Jul;373(1-2):77-82.
  127. Berridge DL, Winter TC. Saline infusion sonohysterography: technique, indications, and imaging findings. J Ultrasound Med 2004 Jan;23(1):97-112.
  128. Allison SJ, Horrow MM, Kim HY, Lev-Toaff AS. Salineinfused sonohysterography: tips for achieving greater success. Radiographics 2011 Nov-Dec;31(7):1991-2004.
  129. O'Neill MJ. Sonohysterography. Radiol Clin North Am 2003 Jul;41(4):781-797.
  130. Bonnamy L, Marret H, Perrotin F, Body G, Berger C, Lansac J. Sonohysterography: a prospective survey of results and complications in 81 patients. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002 Apr;102(1):42-47.
  131. Lindheim SR, Adsuar N, Kushner DM, Pritts EA, Olive DL. Sonohysterography: a valuable tool in evaluating the female pelvis. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2003 Nov;58(11):770-784.
  132. Lindheim SR, Sprague C, Winter TC. Hysterosalpingography and sonohysterography: lessons in technique. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006 Jan;186(1):24-29.
  133. Jeanty P, Besnard S, Arnold A, Turner C, Crum P. Air-contrast sonohysterography as a first step assessment of tubal patency. J Ultrasound Med 2000 Aug;19(8):519-527.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.