International Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry

Register      Login

VOLUME 6 , ISSUE 4 ( October-December, 2016 ) > List of Articles

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Comparison of Maximal Gingival Display during Different Facial Expressions and Evaluation of Golden Percentage in a Section of North Indian Population: An AutoCAD Analysis

Mahak Qadri

Citation Information : Qadri M. Comparison of Maximal Gingival Display during Different Facial Expressions and Evaluation of Golden Percentage in a Section of North Indian Population: An AutoCAD Analysis. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2016; 6 (4):79-84.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10019-1161

Published Online: 01-08-2011

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2016; The Author(s).


Abstract

Aim

To compare the amount of maximal gingival display among four different facial expressions and evaluate the golden percentage in a section of North Indian population.

Materials and methods

Photographs of a total of 100 subjects of North Indian origin with age ranging from 18 to 25 years will be taken and then assessed using AutoCAD© software.

Results

Neither smile type (requested or Duchenne) revealed a significantly greater amount of gingival display above the maxillary central or lateral incisors, but the grimace of disgust and funnel-shaped expressions did. At the central and lateral incisors, the grimace of disgust and funnel-shaped expressions produced the greatest amounts of gingival display. At the maxillary canines and the first premolars, both smiles (requested and Duchenne) exhibited the largest amount of gingival display of the four facial expressions.

Conclusion

There exists a difference in gingival display among four different facial expressions over each tooth visible, and the golden percentage was found to be present in more than 99% of the subjects studied.

Clinical significance

This article considers gingival display as an important factor in rehabilitating esthetic smiles, and proposes the concept of the golden percentage as a more useful application in diagnosing and developing symmetry, dominance, and proportion for esthetically pleasing smiles.

How to cite this article

Qadri M, Dhawan P, Madhukar P, Tandan P. Comparison of Maximal Gingival Display during Different Facial Expressions and Evaluation of Golden Percentage in a Section of North Indian Population: An AutoCAD Analysis. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2016;6(4):79-84.


PDF Share
  1. Perspective of facial esthetics in dental treatment planning. J Prosthet Dent 1996 Feb;75(2):169-176.
  2. Macroesthetic elements of smile design. J Am Dent Assoc 2001 Jan;132(1):39-45.
  3. Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: Part 2. Smile analysis and treatment strategies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003 Aug;124(2):116-127.
  4. Dental esthetics and the golden proportion. J Prosthet Dent 1978 Sep;40(3):244-252.
  5. Esthetic smile analysis of maxillary anterior tooth width: the golden percentage. J Esthet Dent 1999;11(4):177-184.
  6. The Duchenne smile: emotional expression and brain physiology. II. J Pers Soc Psychol 1990 Feb;58(2):342-353.
  7. Contemporary dental photography: selection and application. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2008 Oct;29(8):432-436, 438, 440- 442 passim; quiz 450, 462.
  8. Digital dental photography. Part 6: camera settings. Br Dent J 2009 Jul;207(2):63-69.
  9. Digital dental photography. Part 2: purposes and uses. Br Dent J 2009 May;206(9):459-464.
  10. A comparison of gingival display with a requested smile, Duchenne smile, grimace of disgust, and funnel-shaped expression. J Prosthet Dent 2014 Aug;112(2):220-227.
  11. The distribution of attention across a talker's face. Discourse Process 2004 Jul;38(1):145-168.
  12. Upper lip changes and gingival exposure on smiling: vertical dimension analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012 Jan;141(1):87-93.
  13. A study of the width of attached gingiva. J Periodontol 1963 May;34(3):201-209.
  14. The gingival smile line. Angle Orthod 1992 Summer;62(2):91-100, discussion 101-102.
  15. The eight components of a balanced smile. J Clin Orthod 2005 Mar;39(3):155-167.
  16. Gender differences in the form of maxillary central incisors analyzed using AutoCAD software. J Prosthet Dent 2011 Aug;106(2):95-101.
  17. Influence of gingival display on smile aesthetics in Japanese. Eur J Orthod 2010 Dec;32(6):633-637.
  18. An analysis of maxillary anterior teeth: facial and dental proportions. J Prosthet Dent 2005 Dec;94(6):530-538.
  19. Evaluation of natural smile: golden proportion, RED or Golden percentage. J Conserv Dent 2008 Jan;11(1):16-21.
  20. Teeth and gingival display in the premolar area during smiling in relation to gender and age. J Oral Rehabil 2005 Nov;32(11):830-837.
  21. Tooth display and lip position during spontaneous and posed smiling in adults. Acta Odontol Scand 2008 Aug;66(4):207-213.
  22. Influence of sex on the perception of oral and smile esthetics with different gingival display and incisal plane inclination. Angle Orthod 2005 Sep;75(5):778-784.
  23. Gender differences in the amount of gingival display during smiling using two intraoral dental biometric measurements. J Prosthodont 2010 Jun;19(4):286-293.
  24. The principles of visual perception and their clinical application to denture esthetics. J Prosthet Dent 1973 Apr;29(4):358-382.
  25. Anthropometric analysis of anterior maxillary teeth with digital photography - a study in a Portuguese sample. Int J Esthet Dent 2014 Autumn;9(3):370-380.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.