RESEARCH ARTICLE
Clinical Reliability of Different Facial Measurements in Determining Vertical Dimension of Occlusion in Dentulous and Edentulous Subjects
Yashpal Singh, Anchal Brar, Khurshid A Mattoo, Manas Singh, Puneet Raj Singh Khurana, Mayank Singh
Citation Information :
Singh Y, Brar A, Mattoo KA, Singh M, Khurana PR, Singh M. Clinical Reliability of Different Facial Measurements in Determining Vertical Dimension of Occlusion in Dentulous and Edentulous Subjects. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2014; 4 (3):68-77.
DOI:
10.5005/jp-journals-10019-1110
Published Online:
01-06-2017
Copyright Statement:
Copyright © 2014; The Author(s).
Abstract
Purpose
To determine the variations in average distances between various facial landmarks used to determine the vertical dimension of rest and occlusion among dentulous and edentulous subjects. Besides determining the reliability of these facial measurements against commonly used Chin-Nose distance, this study would also compare the difference between cephalometric landmarks (anterior nasal Spine-Menton) with the Chin-Nose distance (Niswonger's method).
Materials and methods
To standardize the measurement and minimize errors associated with observer and subject movement, a novel instrument was designed in the form of an apparatus and was named as subject and device stabilizing apparatus (SDSA). One hundred and twenty subjects, in the age group of 30 to 60 years, were selected and divided into two equal groups which were further subdivided into subgroups. Measurements were recorded with the help of a digital vernier that was attached to the apparatus. The various facial measure- ments studied were Pupil-Stomion, Glabella-Subnasion, Pupil-Pupil and Angle-Angle both at rest and in occlusion. These measurements were then compared with Chin-Nose and anterior nasal Spine-Menton distance. Differences between the dentulous and edentulous subjects at rest and at occlusion were noted and statistically analyzed using unpaired ‘t’ test and Karl Pearson correlation coefficient.
Results
Among the six measurements Chin-Nose, Glabella- Subnasion, Pupil-Stomion and anterior nasal Spine-Menton were closely associated between dentulous and edentulous subjects both at rest and at occlusion. Among all facial and cephalometric measurement the facial parameter of Pupil- Stomion illustrates the least deviation in edentulous (1.318) and dentulous (1.381) subjects at rest, whereas anterior nasal Spine-Menton displays least deviation in edentulous (2.751) and dentulous (1.224) subjects at occlusion.
Conclusion
The average facial measurements in dentulous subjects were more than measurements in edentulous subjects and among various facial measurements, Pupil-Stomion and anterior nasal Spine-Menton distance can be used clinically as a guide to verify vertical dimension of occlusion.
How to cite this article
Brar A, Mattoo KA, Singh Y, Singh M, Khurana PRS, Singh M. Clinical Reliability of Different Facial Measurements in Determining Vertical Dimension of Occlusion in Dentulous and Edentulous Subjects. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2014;4(3):68-77.
The Naso-Meatal line as a guide for the deter- mination of the occlusal plane. Dent Res 1944;23:309-312.
Esthetics of full denture construction. JADA 1930;17:636-641.
Observations on facial growth and its clinical significance. Am J Orthodontics 1959;45:399-423.
Potentials in pattern of mandible. Angle Orthodontics 1959;29:206-217.
The relationship between ramus height, dental height and overbite. Am J Orthodontics 1946;32:56-67.
The rest position of the mandible and its significance to dental science. JADA 1946 Feb;33:151-180.
Vertical dimension: a study of clinical rest position and jaw muscle activity. J Prosthet Dent 1981;45:670-675.
Clinical measurement and evaluation of vertical dimension. J Prosthet Dent 1982;47:236-241.
Determination of occlusal vertical dimension: a literature review. J Prosthet Dent 1988;59: 321-323.
Registration: Stage II - Intermaxillary relations. Br Dent J 2000;188:601-606.
Diagnosis and treatment plan. In: Ramjford SP, Ash M, editors. Occlusion. WB Saunders company, Philadelphia; 1966. p. 102.
Overbite and vertical dimension in terms of muscle balance. Angle Orthodontics 1944;14:13-17.
Features of the face involved in full denture prosthesis. Dent Cosmos 1935;77:851.
The rest position of the mandible and the centric relation. J Am Dent Assoc 1934;20:1572-1576.
Measurements of occlusal face height by dividers. Dent Pract Dent Ret 1970;20:177.
The fallacy of facial measurements of occlusal height in edentulous patients. J Oral Rehabil 1976;33:353.
Intermaxillary relation established by biting power. J Am Dent Assoc 1940;27:1192-1197.
The relationship between the vertical dimension of occlusion and forces generated by closing muscles of mastication. J Prosthet Dent 1969;22:284-289.
Vertical relationship of occlusion by the patient's neuromuscular preceptor. J Prosthet Dent 1964;14:12-18.
Physiologic vertical dimension and centric relation. J Prosthet Dent 1956;6:741.
Can biting force be used as a criteria for registering vertical dimension. J Prosthet Dent 1959;9:594-599.
The consistency of the swallowing technique on determining occlusal vertical dimension in edentulous patients. J Prosthet Dent 1968;19:230-234.
Determination of maxillofacial force during deglutition. J Prosthet Dent 1967;17:134-137.
Speaking method in measuring vertical dimension. J Prosthet Dent 1953;3:193-195.
An electromyographic analysis of certain muscles involved in temporomandibular joint movement. Am J Orthod 1950;36:481-486.
An EMG analysis of muscular behavior in mandibular movements from rest position. J Prosthet Dent 1957;7:682-685.
Rest position of mandible. J Prosthet Dent 1962;12:895-899.
A longitudinal study of rest position and centric occlusion. Angle Orthod 1975;45:130-135.
Telemetry and the study of vertical jaw relations. J Prosthet Dent 1975;3:261-265.
The measurement of jaw movement. J Prosthet Dent 1976 Aug;36(2):211-215.
The role of the free-way space in the generation of muscle pain among denture-wearers. J Oral Rehabil 1984;11:483-498.
Ability of edentulous human beings to adapt to changes in vertical dimension. J Oral Rehabil 1987;14(4):379-383.
The effect of increasing vertical dimension of occlusion on facial aesthetics. Br Dent J 2002 Feb 9;192(3):164-168.
Establishing vertical dimension in full denture construction. JADA 1941;28:430-436.
Danger in dental reconstruction involving increase of vertical dimension of lower third of human face. JADA 1938;25:566-569.
Correct vertical dimension and freeway space. JADA 1943;43:160-163.
Occlusion from rest position. J Prosthet Dent 1952;2:575-588.
Dental physiology for dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1952;2:3-11.
Traumatic occlusion and the rest position of the mandible. J Periodont 1906;18:7-20.
Mandibular positions. JADA 1928;43:34-38.
A cephalometric study of the movements of the mandible. JADA 1946;28:750-761.
A serial cephalometric study of the rest position of the mandible on edentulous individuals. J Canad DA 1954;20:536-543.
Factors in the position of the mandible. JADA 1942;29:925-941.
The rest position of the mandible and its significance to dental science. JADA 1957;33:151-57.
Concepts regarding function of the stomatognathic system. J Am Dent Assoc 1954;48:626-637.
A Cephalometric study of the clinical rest position of the mandible. Part I. J Prosthet Dent 1956;6:504-519.
Changes in adult face height due to aging, wear and loss of teeth and prosthetic treatment. Acta Odont Scandinavia 1957;24:90-97.
A study of physiologic rest position and centric position by electromyography. J Prosthet Dent 1956;6:621-625.
A consideration of the physiological background of mandibular posture and movement. D Pratt 1958;6:80-89.
A critique of research of the rest position. J Prosthet Dent 1966;16:84.
The importance of phonetics in full denture prosthesis. D Digest 1935;41:154-160.
Effect of loss of vertical dimension on anatomic structures of head and neck. JADA 1936;27:175-193.
Taking of registration for securing centric jaw relations. JADA 1936;23:1447-1452.
Bite-opening dangers. JADA 1979;26:72-77.
Study of accepted relation on mandibular position. J Dent 1950;20:8-14.
Certain observations on a complete denture patient: electromyographic observations. J Prosthet Dent 1954;8:929-939.
An evaluation of the factors pertinent to the success of a complete denture service. J Prosthet Dent 1964;14:866-878.
Cephalometric analysis of morphologic face height. J Prosthet Dent 1965;15:35-37.
A cephalometric study of rest position in edentulous person influence of variations in head position. J Prosthet Dent 1968;5:20-25.
Utilizing speech to simplify a personalized denture service. J Prosthet Dent 1970;24:586-600.
Can biting force be used as a criterion for vertical dimension? J Prosthet Dent 1975; 9:594-599.
Determination of vertical dimension: a comparative study. J Oral Rehabil 2004;9:45-49.
Some recent observations on the growth of the jaws and eruption of the teeth. Angle Orthodontist 1940;10: 63-77.
Trends in clinical methods of establishing an ideal interarch relationship. J Prosthet Dent 1958;8:243-251.
Vertical dimension as it relates to etiology of angular chelosis. J Prosthet Dent 1968;19:119-125.
Asymmetry of facial skeleton. Angle Orthod 1975;45:125-128.
Pre-extraction records to avoid premature aging of the denture patient. J Prosthet Dent 1950; 5:465-476.
The mandibular movements of speech and their seven related values. J Prosthet Dent 1966;16:835-843.
Determination of vertical dimension. J Prosthet Dent 2001;45:32-37.
The application of electromyography to dental research. JADA 1952;44:49-68.
Establishing vertical relation of occlusion. J Prosthet Dent 1963;13:432-436.
George WA, Sassouni. Cephalometric study of changes occurring in face height following prosthetic treatment. J Prosthet Dent 1968;19:321-330.
‘Open Rest’ A new concept in the selection of the vertical dimension of occlusion. J Prosthet Dent 1965;15:851.
A study of physiologic rest position and centric position by electromyography. J Prosthet Dent 1956;6(5):621-628.
An electromyographic study of face height in complete artificial denture subjects. Northwestern Univ 1959;60:12-18.
The chewing apparatus. JADA 1966;20:35-37.
Method of securing centric relation and other positional records in complete denture prosthesis. JADA 1941;28:37-43.
Determination of vertical dimension by biting force. Malaysian Dent J 1967;7:23-38.
Symptomatology and treatment of abnorma- lities of the mandibular articulation. Dent Cosmos 1933;75: 844-847.
Use of facial measurements in determining the vertical dimension. J Am Dent Assoc 1951;43:160-163.
Investigation and survey of malocclusion and ear symptoms with particular reference to Otic Baro trauma. Br Dent J 1948;85:221-225.
Thepre-extractionrecording oftheverticaldimension by an intraoral method. Dent Pract Dent Res 1955;6:68-72.
A note on facial proportions. Br Dent J 1962;112:288-289.
The reliability of pre-extraction records for complete dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1971;25:592-608.
Vertical dimension in complete denture prosthesis. JADA 1977;4:76-79.
Facial measurements as a means of determination of vertical dimension. J Ind Prosthet Dent 2000;11:33-41.
A comparison of the accuracy of two methods used by pre-doctoral students to measure vertical dimension. J Prosthet Dent 2004;23:59-66.
Growth pattern of human head from third month to eighth year of life. Am J 1941;68:209-262.
Simultaneous recording of centric occlusion and vertical dimension. JADA 1952;44:430-436.
Factors in the position of the mandible. JADA 1965;12:70-79.
The rest position of the mandible and its signi- ficance to dental science. JADA 1974;89:45-50.
Evaluation of mandibular rest position in subjects with diverse dentofacial morphology. J Prosthet Dent 1986;8:58-62.
Comparison of vertical morphologic measurements on dentulous and edentulous patients. J Prosthet Dent 1990; 64:232-234.
Comparison of the most comfortable mandibular position with the intercuspal position using cephalometric analysis. J Oral Rehabil 2005;9:12-18.
Reliability of determining vertical dimension of occlusion in complete dentures: a clinical study. J Ind Prosthet Dent 2006;6:38-42.
Cephalometric analysis of the vertical dimension of occlusion. J Prosthet Dent 1961;11: 831-835.