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VOLUME 15 , ISSUE 1 ( January-March, 2025 ) > List of Articles

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Incorporation of Naturally Obtained Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles in Resin Luting Cements and Glass Ionomer Cement to Valuate Water Sorption and Solubility: An In Vitro Study

Anusuya Mariappan, Ravi Marballi Basavaraju, Anupama Aradya, Vijaya Kumar Malahalli, Raghavendraswamy Koodalakuppe Nagaraja gowda, Dhakshaini Mysore Rajashekar

Keywords : Calcination, Egg shells, Hydroxyapatite, Nanoparticles, Water solubility

Citation Information : Mariappan A, Basavaraju RM, Aradya A, Malahalli VK, Nagaraja gowda RK, Rajashekar DM. Incorporation of Naturally Obtained Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles in Resin Luting Cements and Glass Ionomer Cement to Valuate Water Sorption and Solubility: An In Vitro Study. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2025; 15 (1):27-35.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10019-1488

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Published Online: 28-03-2025

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2025; The Author(s).


Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate the water sorption and solubility of naturally obtained nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HAp) incorporated into type 1 glass ionomer cement (GIC) and resin luting cements. Materials and methods: Hydroxyapatite synthesized from raw unfertilized eggshells via the co-precipitation technique was incorporated into type 1 GIC and resin cements. The eggshells were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDAX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A total of 80 disk-shaped specimens were made from type 1 GIC (group A) and resin cements (group B). The specimens of group A (n = 40) were further divided into subgroups (n = 10 specimens each) based on the percentage of incorporation of nano-HAp: A1: Control (no nano-HAp incorporated); A2: 6% nano-HAp; A3: 8% nano-HAp; A4: 10% nano-HAp. Group B (n = 40) was subdivided (n = 10 specimens each) as follows: B1: Control (no nano-HAp incorporated); B2: 0.5% nano-HAp; B3: 1% nano-HAp; B4: 2% nano-HAp. The specimens were evaluated for water sorption and solubility. For intergroup comparisons, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed. Following that, Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test was used for intragroup comparisons. Results: Nano-HAp synthesized from eggshells exhibited high crystallinity (up to 96%) with a particle size of 100–200 nm and the presence of phosphate, hydroxyl, and calcium ions. One-way ANOVA showed a significant difference in water sorption (p = 0.001) and solubility (p = 0.001) among group A and group B specimens. Type 1 GIC incorporated with 10% nano-HAp had the lowest water sorption (74.501 ± 2.00%) and solubility (24.833 ± 4.185%). Resin cements incorporated with 2% nano-HAp had the lowest water sorption (32.45 ± 1.73%) and solubility (15.943 ± 0.749%). Multiple comparisons of water sorption and solubility in group A and group B showed a significant difference (p = 0.001) between subgroups. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that nano-HAp exhibited high crystallinity and a suitable particle size. The incorporation of nano-HAp enhanced the water sorption and solubility properties of type 1 GIC and resin-based luting cements. The addition of 10% nano-HAp in type 1 GIC and 2% nano-HAp in resin luting cement resulted in the most significant reduction in water sorption and solubility. Nano-HAp-modified GIC and resin cements may enhance marginal longevity, improve biocompatibility, prevent secondary caries, and provide esthetic and functional benefits.

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